Endnotes

Introduction

1 Ernst von Feuchtersleben, quoted in M. Dominic Beer, M. D. Psychosis: from mental disorder to disease concept. History of psychiatry 6, 177–200 (1995), p. 179
2 Ibid, 168.
3 Francis O. Schmitt, quoted in Joelle M Abi-Rached and Nikolas Rose. “The Birth of the Neuromolecular Gaze.” History of the human sciences 23, no. 1 (2010): 11–36. p. 23.

Chapter I: Neuroscience Before Neuroscience, 1945–1969

4 Recuerdos de mi vida, Vol. 2, Historia de mi labor scientífica. Madrid: Moya, 1917, p. 76. quoted in: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi%27s_method.
5 Golgi, quoted in López-Muñoz, Francisco, Jesús Boya, and Cecilio Alamo. “Neuron Theory, the Cornerstone of Neuroscience, on the Centenary
of the Nobel Prize Award to Santiago Ramón Y Cajal.” Brain Research Bulletin 70, no. 4–6 (2006): doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010, p. 400.
6 Cajal, quoted in Lopez-Munoz, p. 401.
7 Judith P. Swazey, “Forging a Neuroscience Community: A Brief History of the Neurosciences Research Program” in Frederic G. Worden, Judith P. Swazey, and George Adelman, eds. The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery Cambridge: MIT Press, 1975, p. 529–546
8 George Adelman, “The Neurosciences Research Program at MIT and the Beginning of the Modern
Field of Neuroscience” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives 19:1 (2010), 15–23, p. 16.
9 Adelman, “The NRP,” p. 17–19.
10 Letter from Neal Miller to Louise Marshall, March 17, 1981, Letter to CBS members re: Society for Neuroscience 1981 Folder, Louise H Marshall Papers, Neuroscience History Archives, UCLA.
11 Adelman, “The NRP,” p. 21.
12 “ Evolution of the Axonologists,” NN 3:2, June 1972, p. 6; Candace Hsieh, “The Founding of the Society for Neuroscience” Unpublished research paper, June 1998, courtesy of Candace Hsieh and Bernice Grafstein.
13 Karl Frank (1916–1993) was the Section Chief of the Section on Spinal Cord of the NIMH Laboratory of Neurophysiology and one of the first to observe and report presynaptic inhibition.
14 Novera Herbert Spector, “Comment”NN 17:6, December 1986, p. 5. See also “Evolution of the Axonologists.”
15 Robert Doty, “Neuroscience” in The History of the APS: The First Century, 1887–1987, American Physiological Society, 1987, pp. 427–434, p. 428; Ed Perl, “Society for Neuroscience – A History of Beginnings”NN 17:6, July/August 1986, p. 1, 3–5, p. 3.
16 Louise H. Marshall, et. al, “ Historical Report: Early History of IBRO: The Birth of Organized Neuroscience” Neuroscience Volume 72, No. 1,
1996, p. 283–306; Robert Doty, “Neuroscience” in The History of the APS: The First Century, 1887–1987, American Physiological Society, 1987, pp. 427-434, p 430; Susan Cozzens, “IBRO in National and International Perspectives” in Marshall, “Early History of IBRO” Neuroscience Volume 72, No. 1, 1996, p. 283–306, p. 302.
17 Louise Henson Marshall (1908–2005) was educated at Vassar and at the University of Chicago, where she received her Ph.D. in physiology in 1935. After some years teaching and raising a family, she joined the wartime Aviation Medicine Unit at NIH, and then conducted renal physiology research for twenty years at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Disorders, before joining the NAS-NRC staff in 1965. In 1975, she moved to UCLA, where she served as the editor of Experimental Neurology and co-founded the Neuroscience History Archives with Horace W. Magoun in 1980, serving as the Archives Director until her death.
18 G. Krauthamer, “World Survey of Resources and Needs in Brain Research” in Marshall “Early History of IBRO” Neuroscience Volume 72, No. 1, 1996, p. 293–298.
19 Doty, “Neuroscience” p. 430.
20 Marshall, L H, J A Rivera, and H W Magoun. “The Institutional Base for Education and Research Neuroscience.” Experimental Neurology 49 (1975): 14–23.
21 Figures 7, 8 and 9: H W Magoun, “Neuroscience Doctorates in the Sixties.” BioScience 1972; 22 (8): 457–460. Figure 9 graphic drawn by Ron
Clement of the Los Angeles Times.

Chapter II: Establishing the Society for Neuroscience, 1968–1970

22 Minutes, Committee on Brain Sciences No 5, 15–16 June 1967, p. 4. Neuroscience History Archive.
23 Letter from Sidney Ochs to Ralph W. Gerard, June 7, 1968, Organization of Brain Scientists: 1st meeting 1967–1969 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA.
24 Robert Doty “Dear Colleague” letter, July 1969 Organization of Brain Scientists: 1st Meeting 1967-1969 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA; Ed Perl, “Society for Neuroscience — A History of Beginnings” NN 17:4, July/August 1986, p.1, 3–5, p, 1.
25 Doty, “Neuroscience” p. 431.
26 Perl, “A History,” p. 3; Doty, “Neuroscience” p. 431
27 Letter from Ed Perl to Nancy Beang, May 30, 1995, SfN Archive
28 Perl, “A History,” p. 3.
29 Perl and Marshall later quibbled over minor details of this description, but their basic recollections are consistent. Letter from Louise Marshall to Stan Mims, March 21, 1995, SfN — Early History —Schatz, Mims 1995 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA; Perl, “A History,” p. 4 and Letter from Ed Perl to Nancy Beang, May 30, 1995, SfN Archive
30 Letter from Ralph W Gerard to Sidney Ochs, July 31. 1968, Organization of Brain Scientists: 1st Meeting 1967–1969 Folder, Louise Marshall
Papers, UCLA; Perl to Beang letter, May 30, 1995, p. 4; Perl, “A History,” p.4
31 Perl, “A History,” p. 4
32 Hsieh, “The Founding of the Society for Neuroscience” p. 11; Letter from Victor Denenberg to LHM June 12, 1981, Letter to CBS members
re: Society for Neuroscience 1981 Folder; Louise Marshall History of Society for Neuroscience Notes October 14, 1984, and LHM’s account of NS
history/autobiography [on reading the current issue of NS Newsletter] 11/21/94, History of the Society for Neuroscience, 1968–1994 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA.
33 Eliot Stellar to LHM April 3, 1981, Letter to CBS members re: Society for Neuroscience 1981 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA.
34 David Bodian to LHM April 1, 1981, Letter to CBS members re: Society for Neuroscience 1981 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA.
35 First Council Meeting Minutes, October 1969.
36 Edward R. Perl, in Larry R. Squire, ed., History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, vol. 3. Society for Neuroscience, 2001: pp. 399.
37 First Council Meeting Minutes, October 1969.
38 See for example, Rena Selya, “Defending Scientific Freedom and Democracy: The Genetics Society of America’s Response to Lysenko” Journal of the History of Biology 45 (2012): 415–442.
39 Second Council Meeting Minutes, January 22, 1970. SfN Archives.
40 Ed Perl, 1986 NN article.

Chapter III: A New Interdisciplinary Approach to the Brain, 1970–1974

41 Minutes of Second Council Meeting, January 22 1970, p. 1, SfN Archive
42 Minutes of Third Council Meeting, April 15, 1970, p. 3.
43 “New Committee on Chapters,”NN 2:2, June 1971, p. 4; “Chapter Activities”NN 2:4, December 1971, p. 4–5.
44 Society for Neuroscience By-Laws, Article II: Membership, p. 1, June 16, 1969. SfN Archives.
45 “ Taking Stock — An Editorial”NN 3:1, March 1972 p. 2; LHM October 14, 1984 handwritten notes for talk in Anaheim – 2nd Draft, History of the Society for Neuroscience, 1968–1994 Folder.
46 “ Membership Committee”NN 7:1, March 1976, p. 2, 4.
47 “ Progress Report”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1, April 1970, p. 2.
48 “ Election Results”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1, April 1970, p. 1.
49 “ Council Meeting”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1, April 1970, p. 1
50 “ Progress Report”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1, April 1970, p. 2
51 Letter from Louise Marshall to David Cohen, February 11, 1977, Society for Neuroscience To File 1977–1993 Folder, UCLA
52 “ Editorial”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 1, April 1970, p. 2
53 “The Logo”NN 2:2, June 1971, p. 2.
54 “ The Logo”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 2 Number 3, September 1971, p. 3 and 8.
55 “ The Logo”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 2 Number 4, December 1971, p. 8. The last issue of Volume 14 has a new layout and title banner.
56 “ First Annual Meeting”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 3, October 1970, p. 1.
57 The National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), founded in 1948 as the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, was renamed in 1968 when the National Eye Institute became a separate entity. From 1975, it was known as the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Deafness (NINCDS) and then became the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (again NINDS) in 1988, when the National Institute of Deafness and other Communicative Disorders was founded.
58 “ First Annual Meeting”Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 1 Number 3, October 1970, p. 1.
59 “ Taking Stock: An Editorial.”Neuroscience Newsletter 3:1, p. 2.
60 Ibid.
61 Letter from Maxwell Cowan to Fred Worden, November 15 1971, Early SfN Annual Meetings 1969–1973; 1986 notes folder, Box: SfN early. LHM Papers.
62 Program, Society for Neuroscience Sixth Annual Meeting, November 7–11, 1976, p. 102.
63 Interview with Floyd Bloom, May 6, 2014
64 “ Second Annual Meeting”Neuroscience Newsletter 3:1, March 1972, p. 1, 3.
65 “Committees”NN 3:2 June 1972, p. 3.
66 Second Annual Meeting Announcement and Press Release, September 15, 1972, SfN Archives. Preliminary Program, NHA, UCLA
67 1229 people were registered at the Second Meeting, compared to 1394 at the first. http://www.sfn.org/Annual-Meeting/Past-and-Future-Annual-Meetings/Annual-Meeting-Attendance-Statistics/AM-Attendance-1970s
68 “ Special Interest Dinners”NN 4:3, September 1973, p. 1.
69 Interview with Floyd Bloom, May 6, 2014.
70 Programs, Interview with Floyd Bloom, May 6, 2014.
71 Order Form for Neuroscience Symposia Volume 1, NN 7:2, June 1976, p. 7.
72 “ Highlights of the Toronto Council Meetings”NN 7:4, December 1976, p. 2.
73 “ 1978 Short Course Syllabus: Neuroanatomical Techniques”NN 9:4, December 1978, p. 7.
74 Edward A. Kravitz, “Neurobiology of Disease Workshop”NN 12:1, p. 3–4.
75 “1976 SN Annual Meeting Highlights”NN 7:3, p. 1; “SN 1978 Annual Meeting Announcements”NN 9:3, September 1978, p. 6.
76 “ Annual Meeting Notes: Placement Service”NN 8:3, September 1977, p. 6.
77 “Society News”NN 9:4, December 1978, p. 7–8.
78 Email exchange with Jack Diamond, January 9 and 13, 2014.
79 Interview with Carla Shatz, November 5, 2018.
80 Interview with James McNamara, November 5, 2018; Interview with Michael Goldberg, November 6, 2018.
81 “ Searching the 1989 Neuroscience Abstract Database”NN 20:5, September/October 1989, p. 8.
82 RS interview with Floyd Bloom, May 6, 2014.
83 See, NN 12:5, September 1981, NN 13:3, May, 1982, p. 8. 1985?
84 “ Neuroscience Folk Dance Workshop”NN 12:3, May 1981, p. 8.
85 “ Neuroscience Folk Dance Workshop”NN 13:4, July/August 1982, p. 7.
86 “ Errors in preliminary program”NN 13:5, September/October 1982, p. 4.
87 “ Kosher Neuroscience Club”NN 21:3, May/June 1990, p. 9; Interview with Abraham Susswein, November 2013.
88 SfN data.
89 Constance Holden, “Psychosurgery: Legitimate Therapy or Laundered Lobotomy?” Science New Series Volume 179, Number 4078, March 16, 1973, pp. 1109–1112, p. 1110.
90 Harold M. Schmeck, “Research Backed in Psychosurgery” The New York Times November 9, 1973;
91 “ Brain Death and Psychosurgery” and “Draft Position Paper on Psychosurgery”NN 4:3, p. 2–3; “Psychosurgery’s Torturous Path”NN 4:4, December 1973, p. 3; “Psychosurgery Finale”NN 5:2, June 1974, p. 6;
92 Testimony of Robert W. Doty (Society for Neuroscience) in “Use of Psychosurgery in Practice and Research: Report and Recommendations for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Health” Federal Register Vol 42 NO 9 Part III, May 23, 1977, p. 26328
93 Correspondence between Walle Nauta and Lawrence Kruger, October 31 and November 7 1972, Society for Neuroscience 1972 Folder, Lawrence Kruger gift to UCLA Biomedical Library.
94 Minutes of the 7th Council Meeting, November 7, 1973, p.1–2
95 http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/appropriations/ part2.htm. Accessed August 1, 2014.
96 NN 2:2, p. 2; NN 15:2.
97 NN 12:3 May 1981 p. 7; Minutes of November 13, 1980 Council Meeting.
98 Treasurer’s Report, Neuroscience Newsletter 1:3, October 1970: 3.
99 Martin Larrabee, Neuroscience Newsletter 7:1, March 1976: 3.
100 Bernice Grafstein, Treasurer’s Report, Neuroscience Newsletter, 12:2, March 1981: 1.
101 Treasurer’s Report, Neuroscience Newsletter, 22:6, November/December 1991:2.

Chapter IV: Disciplinary Consolidation, Mid-1970s to the Early-1980s

102 Talcott Parsons, “The Professions and Social Structure.” In Essays in Sociological Theory. New York: Free Press (1954): 34-49; Andrew Abbott, “The Future of Professions.” In Research in the Sociology of Organizations 8 (1991): 17–42; Ivan Waddington, “The Movement Toward the Professionalization of Medicine.” British Medical Journal 301 (October 3, 1990): 688–690.
103 Minutes of August 4, 1972 Education Committee Meeting, Neuroscience and Education 1971–1975 Folder, Louise Marshall Papers, UCLA.
104 http://report.nih.gov/NIHDatabook/Charts/Default.aspx?showm=Y&chartId=267&catId=21
105 Louise H. Marshall, “Neuroscientists: Present Status and Future Needs.” NN 9:1, March 1978, p. 4–5; Louise H. Marshall, “Maturation and Current Status of Neuroscience: Data from the 1976 Inventory of U.S. Neuroscientists” Experimental Neurology 64 (1979): 1–32 AND OTHERS
106 David H. Cohen “Conference on Projecting the Future Needs of Neuroscience”NN 9:2, June 1978, p. 3. Agencies represented at the meeting
included the National Institute on Aging, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders, National Science Foundation, National Academy of Sciences, American Psychological Association, American Association of Medical Colleges, Veterans
Administration, Office of Science and Technology Policy Assessment (White House).
107 Barry H. Smith and David H. Cohen “Society for Neuroscience Conference: Projecting Future Needs of Neuroscience” NN 9:4, December 1978 p. 1, 3.
108 David H. Cohen, Floyd Bloom, Jack Diamond and Dominick Purpura, “Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning.” November 1983: p. 19.
109 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 2.
110 “Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 5.
111 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 6–8.
112 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 13.
113 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 15.
114 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 14–17.
115 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 19.
116 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning.”
117 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 2
118 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning”, p. 5
119 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning”, p. 6.
120 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning”, p. 7.
121 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning”, p. 8.
122 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning”, p. 6.
123 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” pp. 6–8
124 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 12–13.
125 Minutes of Council Meeting, November 13, 1980, pp. 3–4.
126 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 9.
127 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 15.
128 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” pp. 17–18.
129 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 3.
130 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning,” p. 4.
131 See Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America, Volume 2: Before Affirmative Action, 1940–1972, Chapter 16 “Path to Liberation” (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
132 Manpower in Basic and Communicative Sciences: Present Status and Future Needs DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 78–1469, 1977, p. 72–4. 133 Louise H. Marshall, “Maturation and Current Status of Neuroscience: Data from the 1976 Inventory of U. S. Neuroscientists” Experimental Neurology 64 (1979): 1–32, p. 11–2.
134 Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America, Volume 3: Forging a New World since 1972, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012, p. 13–14.
135 “ Highlights of the Anaheim Council Meetings”NN 8:4, December 1977, p. 1.
136 W. Maxwell Cowan, “Response to ERA Opinion Poll” NN 9:2, June 1978, p. 3.
137 Minutes of 17th Council Meeting, November 5, 1978, p. 3
138 “ Preliminary Report of the Steering Committee for Long-Range Planning” November 1983, p. 8. SfN Archives.
139 Laurel L. Haak, “Women In Neuroscience (WIN): The First Twenty Years” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11 (2002): 70–79, p. 70.
140 In its early days, Women in Neuroscience used the acronym “WIN”. “WiN” is the current acronym.
141 “ Women in Neuroscience”NN 12:3, May 1981, p. 6.
142 Nancy Oley, “Women in Neuroscience”NN 13:5, September/October 1982, p. 6.
143 Jennifer Buchwald, “Women in Neuroscience: 1980–1983” NN 14:4, July/August 1983, p. 7.
144 Nancy Oley, “A Profile of Women in the Society for Neuroscience” NN 14:1, January/February 1983, p. 4–5, 16.
145 Michael J. Zigmond and Linda P. Spear, “Neuroscience Training in the USA and Canada: observations and suggestions” TINS 15 (1992):
379–383; Marcia Barinaga, “Profile of a Field: Neuroscience” Science 255 (March 10, 1992): 1366–7. Dean O. Smith, “Gender Disparity in the Academic Pipeline: Women in Neuroscience” Synapse 14(1993):332–4.
146 Laurel L. Haak, “Women In Neuroscience (WIN): The First Twenty Years” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11 (2002): 70–79, p. 74.
147 “ Ad Hoc Committee on Women’s Issues in Neuroscience”NN 22 (July/August1991): 3.
148 “ Early Results of the 1995 Membership Survey” NN 27:5, September/October 1996, p. 6.
149 Laurel L. Haak, “Women in Neuroscience (WIN): The First Twenty Years,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11 (2002): 70–79, p. 74; SfN Council Minutes October 23, 1999, p. 16–17.
150 Manpower in Basic Neurologic and Communicative Sciences, p. 73; Adolph Y. Wilburn, “Careers in Science and Engineering for Black Americans” Science 184 (June 14, 1974): 1148–1154.
151 Torsten Wiesel, “Neuroscience Programs for Disadvantaged Students”NN 10:3, September 1979, p 3, 9. See also Minutes of 19th Council
Meeting, April 17, 1979, p. 9–10 and Minutes of 20th Council Meeting, November 2, 1979, p. 6.
152 “ Social Issues Committee”NN 10:4, December 1979, p. 4–5.
153 http://www.sfn.org/~/media/SfN/Documents/Professional%20Development/NSP/NSP_brochure_cover.ashx
154 William Hodos, “A Profile of the Society for Neuroscience”NN 13(6), November/December 1982, p. 1–2.
156 Willie Pearson, Jr., “The Flow of Black Scientific Talent: Leaks in the Pipeline” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations Vol 14 (1/2 Black America in the 1980s) 1987: 44–61.
157 Zigmond and Spear, “Neuroscience Training” p. 379; Daniel G. Solorzano, “The Doctorate Production and Baccalaureate Origins of African
Americans in the Sciences and Engineering” The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Winter, 1995): 15–32.
158 See for example Minutes of 7th Council Meeting, November 1973, p. 9; 8th Council Meeting, October 20, 1974, p. 9–11;
159 Minutes of 20th Council Meeting, November 2, 1979, p. 16–17.
160 “ Dr. W.M. Cowan, 70, Scientist with Hughes Medical Institute, Dies,” The New York Times, July 8, 2002. Accessed May 23, 2014.
161 “ Journal of Neuroscience Instructions to Authors,” Neuroscience Newsletter Volume 11 Number 2, June 1980, p.1, 3.
162 Dale Purves, “Society Chooses New Publisher for The Journal of Neuroscience” NN 16:4, July/August 1985, p. 1–2, 6.
163 “ Search for New Editor-In-Chief of The Journal of Neuroscience” NN 19:1, January/February 1988, p. 5; William J. Willis, Jr., “W. Maxwell Cowan and The Journal of Neuroscience” and “The Journal of Neuroscience in Transition”NN 19:2, March/April 1988, p. 6–7.
164 Sidney Ochs to Ralph W. Gerard, June 7, 1968, Organization of Brain Sciences, 1st Meeting, 1967–69 Folder, Marshall Papers, UCLA. Fifth
Annual Meeting Publicity Materials, SfN Archive; “Public Information Committee”NN 7:1 March 1976, p.4.
165 “ Science Writers’ Seminar — Reverberations” NN 7:3, September 1976, p. 6.
166 “ SN Science Writers’ Seminar – Success”NN 7:2, June 1976, p. 4.
167 Matt Clark, “Drugs and Schizophrenia,” Newsweek, May 17, 1976; Patrick Young, “Natural Painkiller” The National Observer May 15, 1976 (both cited in “Science Writers’ Seminar — Reverberations” NN 7:3, September 1976, p. 6.); “Pain as a Passion” Science News Volume 109, Number 20, May 15, 1976, p. 309–310; “Neuroscience: An Explosive Arena” Science News Volume 109, Number 21, May 22, 1976, p. 330
168 Barry H. Smith, “Seminar for Science Writers” NN 12:3, May 1981, p. 6; Barry H. Smith, “1983 Science Writers’ Seminar”NN 14:3, May/June 1983, p. 4; “New Annual Science Writers’ Seminar” NN 18:1, January/February 1987, p. 4.
169 Thomas Woolsey and Marianne Glass Duffy, “Press at the Meeting: Meeting the Press”NN 18:1, January/February 1987, p. 1–2.
170 Lawrence K. Altman, “Doctor’s World: Alzheimer’s Progress in the Midst of Despair” The New York Times November 18, 1986; Deborah M.
Barnes, “Neurosciences Advance in Basic and Clinical Realms: A Possible Diagnostic Test for Alzheimer’s?” Science New Series, Vol 234, December 12, 1986, p. 1324; Interview with Benjamin Wolozin, November 2013.
171 Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life, Princeton University Press, 1985; Steven Shapin, The Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
172 Stephanie J. Bird, “Life and Death Decisions: A Role for Neuroscience?”NN 17:5. September/October 1986, p. 6–7, 13; Linda M. Hall and Martin Chalfie, “Social Issues Committee Urges Neuroscientists to Join Campaign to Abolish Torture.”NN 16:5, September/October 1985, p. 8. Next draft: Transcripts from SfN 2013 interviews.
173 “ SN Protests Action Against Sakharov,”NN 11:1, March 1980, p.1.
174 “Cambodian Resolution,”NN 10:4, p. 2.
175 Louis Irwin and Key Dismukes, “Animal Welfare: Public Issues and Scientists’ Concerns”NN 12:6, November 1981, p. 2.
176 Working at the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, Taub ligated the sensory afferent ganglia linking the monkeys’ arms to their brains and was attempting to train them to use the limbs despite the lack of sensation. PETA member Alex Pacheco had been working undercover at the lab and provided the information leading to the police raid, seizure of the monkeys and charges against Taub. After some ten years in limbo, the Supreme Court rejected PETA’s final appeal and the remaining monkeys were sacrificed and dissected. Major cortical remapping was found in their brains; Taub was able to use this data to develop constraint-induced movement therapy in his new research, leading to the rehabilitation of stroke and paralysis victims. See Norman Doidge, The Brain That Changes Itself (Viking 2007).
177 1984–5 Committee on Animals in Research Report to Council, June 1985, CAR Files, SfN.
178 Memorandum from William D. Willis to SfN Council, July 30, 1985, CAR Files, SfN Archive.
179 For examples, see: Testimony of Donald J. Reis, published in Neuroscience Newsletter 17:3, May/June 1986, p. 1, 3–6.

Chapter V: Growth and Advocacy, Mid-1980s to Mid-1990s

180 “ Society Membership Continues to Climb”NN 20:5, p.1
181 Zigmond, Michael J, and Linda P Spear. “Neuroscience Training in the USA and Canada: Observations and Suggestions.” Trends in Neurosciences 15, no. 10 (1992): 379–383.
182 William Hodos, “A Profile of the Society for Neuroscience”NN 13:6, November/December 1982, p. 1–2.
183 Eliot Stellar and Alan Epstein, “Open Letter to the Council”NN 14:2, March/April 1983, p. 2.
184 Hasker P. Davis, Carol Elkins and Mark R. Rosenzweig, “The Role of Physiological Psychology in Neuroscience,”NN 18:1, January/February 1987, p. 6–7.
185 http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/appropriations/part2.htm. Accessed August 1, 2014.
186 Interview with Floyd Bloom, May 6, 2014.
187 “ Federal Support of Neuroscience Research in 1977: Preliminary Results of membership Poll” NN 8:2 June 1977, p. 5.
188 David B. Tower, “Understanding the Nervous System: Man’s Last Frontier”NN 8:2, June 1977, p. 6–8.
189 Open letter to SfN Members from Floyd E. Bloom, March 29, 1977, SfN Archive.
190 “ The Funding of Neuroscience Research and Training”NN 8:2, June 1977, p. 1.
191 “ Statement of Prepared Testimony by Floyd E. Bloom, M.D. and David H. Cohen, Ph.D. Representing the Society for Neuroscience
in Testimony before the Subcommittee on Appropriations for HEW/Labor House of Representatives 95th Congress, 1st Session, April
19, 1977.”NN 8:2, June 1977, p. 2–6; original in SfN Archive.
192 “Last Minute News of Success”NN 8:2, June 1977, p. 3.
193 David H. Cohen, “Commentary on Neuroscience Funding Prospects in FY 1979”NN 9:1 March 1978, p. 2.
194 Council Minutes April 1980; November 9, 1980, p. 9.
195 David H. Cohen, “Neuroscience Research Support for FY 1980”NN 10:3 September 1979, p. 1.
196 Minutes of 27th Council Meeting, October 22, 1981.
197 David H. Cohen, “All’s Well that Ends [Almost] Well,”NN 14:2, March/April 1983, p. 1; Cohen interview May 22, 2014.
198 David Cohen, “Government and Public Affairs Committee 1983–4 Report to Council” p. 1, GPA Files, SfN Archives. Susan Sauer was hired in 1985 (see 1985 GPA Report to Council)
199 David H. Cohen and Joe Dan Coulter, “Governmental and Public Affairs Committee 1982 Report to Council,”NN 14:4, July/August, 1983, p. 2-5; Government and Public Affairs Committee 1985 report to Council, and Government and Public Affairs Committee 1986 Report to Council, GPA Files, SfN Archive. 200 David Cohen, “Governmental and Public Affairs 1986 Report to Council”
201 This was to support both the GPA and the Committee in Animal Research, see discussion below.
202 Floyd Bloom, “Governmental and Public Affairs Committee 1988 Report to Council” GPA Files, SfN Archives.
203 Murray Goldstein, “The Decade of the Brain: Opportunities and Challenge”NN 21:1, January/February 1990, p. 3.
204 Dominick Purpura, “Oral Testimony, NINDS, April 25, 1989, Public Witness for NCR and Society for Neuroscience.” GPA Files, SfN Archive.
205 “ Society Holds Decade of the Brain Symposium” NN Volume 21:3, May/June 1990, p. 1;
206 Council Minutes April 27, 1995, p 10; Frankie Trull was Vice President for Government Affairs at Capitol Associates, and then started Policy
Directions, Inc. NN 26:1, January/February 1995, p. 3 and NN 26:4, July/August 1995, p. 7.
207 “ Society Expands Outreach Initiatives”NN 26:5, September/October 1995, p. 1, 5.
208 “ Purpura Testifies on Neuroscience Appropriations” NN 21:3, May/June 1990, p. 4.
209 Dominick Purpura, “Statement of Dominick P. Purpura, M.D. for the Society for Neuroscience Concerning FY 1992 Appropriations” April 19, 1991, p. 2.
210 Robert Pear, “Medical Research to Get More Money from Government” The New York Times January 3, 1998.
211 Robert W. Wurtz, “Report from the President” NN 22:1 January/February 1991, p. 1.
212 Minutes of Council Meeting April 15, 1989, p. 6.
213 Edward Perl, “Society Launches Expanded Program in Public Education” NN 20:4, July/August 1989, p. 4.
214 “ Public Education Program Receives Generous Contributions”NN 21:2, March/April 1990, p. 5.
215 “ Council Approves Public Education Initiatives” NN 21:1, January/February 1990, p. 4
216 David Friedman “Society for Neuroscience And National Association of Biology Teachers Forge a New Relationship”NN 22:2, March/April 1991, p. 1–2; Council Minutes April 17, 1991, p. 2, 4.
217 Council Minutes April 17, 1991, p. 2–3
218 “ New Events for Education Day in New Orleans”NN 22:5, September/October 1991, p. 1; J. G. Collins, “Workshop for Secondary School Students Proved Successful”NN 23:2, March/April 1992, p. 1–2.
219 Council Minutes April 29, 1992, p. 13.
220 Council Minutes November 13, 1994, p. 6
221 “ SfN Members Reach out to Public during Brain Awareness Week”NN 27 (March/April 1996): 1–2.
222 “ Public Forum Draws Standing Room Only Crowd” NN 27:1, p. 19.
223 “ SfN Members Reach out to Public during Brain Awareness Week”NN 27 (March/April 1996): 1–2; “Brain Awareness Week Meeting Draws Large Attendance”NN 28 (January/February 1997): 1, 13.
224 Council Minutes April 18, 1994, p. 5; April 27, 1995 p. 1.
225 Interview with Bruce McEwen, November 4, 2018, p. 6; “Celebrating the Success of Brain Awareness Week”NN 29 (November/December 1998): 4.
226 R. Cliff Young, “Society Web Site Gets Facelift,” NN 27 (November/December 1996):1–2.
227 Sol Snyder, “What Makes for Prestigious Publishing” NN 27 (November/December 1996):5, 11; “Trial Period of Online Journal Comes to an
End Access Becomes Exclusive Privilege of SFN Members” NN 28 (January/February 1997): 3.
228 Society for Neuroscience, “SfN Membership Growth Graph,” Catalyzing Change in Our Environment: FY2007 Annual Report, p. 20.
229 Council Minutes April 18, 1994, p. 5–6; Council Minutes November 17, 1994, p. 7; Israel Hanin, “Committee Prepares Membership Survey” NN 26:2, March/April 1995, p. 4.
230 “Early Results of the 1995 Membership Survey” NN 27:5, September/October 1995, p. 2–3, 6.
231 Marshall, Louise H. “Maturation and Current Status of Neuroscience: Data From the 1976 Inventory of US Neuroscientists.” Experimental neurology 64, no. 1 (1979): 1–32.
232 Zigmond, Michael J, and Linda P Spear. “Neuroscience Training in the USA and Canada: Observations and Suggestions.” Trends in Neurosciences 15, no. 10 (1992): 379–383.
233 Cohen, David H. “Coming of Age in Neuroscience.” Trends in Neuroscience (1986): 450–452.
234 ANDP, established as a separate organization, focused on the development of resources to extend and improve graduate and professional training in neuroscience. As part of its mission, it carried out periodic surveys of program characteristics, faculty, student diversity and financial support. ANDP would merge with SFN in 2009; see Chapter X.
235 Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, 101st Congress, 2nd Session, on H.R. 5257. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1991): p. 191.
236 Julio J. Ramirez and Larry Normansell, “A Decade of FUN: The First Ten Years of the Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience,” available at
funfaculty.org.
237 “ Celebrate 25 Years of Progress at the Annual Meeting”NN 26:3, May/June 1995, p. 1. Carla Shatz, “25 Years of Progress and Beyond”NN
26:6, November/December 1995, p. 1, 15, 18.

Chapter VI: The Challenges of Reassessment and Change, 1998–2006

238 “ Eve Marder” in Thomas D. Albright and Larry R. Squire, eds, History of Neuroscience in Autobiography vol. 10 (2018), 420–455, p. 448.
239 Interview with Dennis Choi, November 5, 2018.
240 SfN Council Minutes, October 23, 1999, pp. 20–26;
241 SfN Council Minutes, October 27, 1999, p. 6, p. 14, and November 4, 2000, p. 13. The consultant hired by the SAC was Steve Carey of Association Marketing and Management Resources.
242 The Search Committee, consisting of Joseph Coyle, Fred Gage, Don Price, Huda Akil, Patricia Goldman-Rakic, Kristen Harris, Bruce McEwen, Carla Shatz and Sol Snyder, met with and interviewed nine candidates in Boston and four in D.C. SfN Council Minutes, November 10, 2001; SfN Council Minutes April 25, 2002, p. 1–4.
243 “ Search for Society Executive Director Under Way” NN 32 (May/June 2001): 1; SfN Council Minutes, November 10, 2001, p. 1; “New Executive Director Joins Society”NN 33(January/February 2002): 1.
244 “ First Impressions: An Interview with Marty Saggese,”NN 33 (March/April 2002):6.
245 “ Society for Neuroscience Reorganizes Structure of Central Office,”NN 33 (July/August 2002):8. The new divisions were Planning & Membership, Communications & Public Affairs, Finance & Administration, Scientific Programs, and Meeting Services. As of 2012, SfN employed 102 staff in 16 departments under Saggese and five directors.
246 SfN Council Minutes August 5, 2003, p. 3, item IX; SfN Council Minutes October 22, 2004, p. 1, p. 5. SfN Archive.
247 This membership category had been in place since 1973, and was primarily made up of pharmaceutical companies. The expansion with Gold and Silver level memberships was reflected in the list of Sustaining Associate Members published in the back of the Neuroscience Quarterly, starting with the Summer 2003 issue. A non-profit category was added the next year. See “New Associate Members,”NN 4 (September 1973), p. 2; Council Meeting Minutes November 7, 1973, p. 5; Fall Council Meeting Minutes November 7, 2003, section VII; “SfN Receives $650,00 from the Eli Lilly and Company Foundation for Award Honoring Julius Axelrod,” NQ Winter 2007, p. 23.
248 Fred H. Gage, “Message from the President,” NN 33 (May/June 2002): 3.
249 “ Membership Survey Results” and “SfN President-Elect Huda Akil Discusses Membership Survey,” NN 33 (September/October 2002): 3, 6.
250 “ Strategic Plan,” SfN Council Minutes November 14, 2001, p. 11-12, SfN Archive; Gage, “Message”; Fred H. Gage, “Strategic Planning Initiative”NN 33 (September/October 2002): 1–2.
251 Gage, “Strategic Planning Initiative,” p. 2
252 Summary based on SfN Council Minutes August 2002, p. 2–6. The current by-laws (http://www.sfn.org/About/What-We-Do/Bylaws)
were revised in 2008.
253 See for example, SfN Council Minutes August 2003, p. 3–5.
254 “ Working Groups will Implement Goals of Strategic Plan”NQ Winter 2003: 12–13.
255 “ Committee on Committees Formed,”NQ Winter 2003:9.
256 Interview with Thomas Carew, November 3, 2018.
257 “ SfN Council Approves Committee Realignment, Adds Clusters”NQ Spring 2006: 5; Interview with Irwin Levitan, November 4, 2018.
258 See for example, Treasurer’s Report, SfN Council Minutes, April 15, 2000, p. 7, SfN Archive.
259 Treasurer’s Report, SfN Council Minutes, November 4, 2000, p. 11–12; Business Meeting Minutes, November 2001, p. 2.
260 Society Finances Report, SfN Council Minutes, November 10, 2001, p. 7, SfN Archive; “President’s Message,”NN 33 (January-February
2002): 12; See also “Planning Ahead,” History of SfN, Chapter 1V, http://www.sfn.org/About/History-of-SfN/1969-1995/Chapter-IV.
261 SfN Business Meeting Minutes, November 2001, p. 3.
262 Interview with Marty Saggese, September 18, 2019.
263 “ Society for Neuroscience Reorganizes Structure of Central Office,” Neuroscience Newsletter July-August 2002: 8; “SfN Council Approves
Committee Realignment, Adds Clusters,” Neuroscience Quarterly Spring 2006: 5.
264 Interview with Cori Spencer, January 20, 2019.
265 Reserve figure from SfN Finance Department, February 2020.
266 “ Investing in Global Connections for Scientific Progress,” FY2018 Annual Report; “Building for the Future,” SfN FY2005 Annual Report.
267 “ Investing in Global Connections for Scientific Progress,” FY2018 Annual Report.
268 Interview with Marty Saggese, September 18, 2019.
269 “ Fall Council Roundup,” Neuroscience Quarterly Winter 2014: 13.
270 “ Summer Council Roundup,” Neuroscience Quarterly Fall 2016.
271 SfN Council Meeting November 6 2002 p. 1.
272 “ SfN to Acquire New Headquarters”NQ Fall 2004:1, 4;
273 “SfN to Acquire New Headquarters”NQ Fall 2004:.1, 4; “SfN President-elect addresses building purchase”NQ Fall 2004: 4, 15. Several SfN
leaders were also involved in the establishment of the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture at this time as well. http://anfarch.org/about-2/history
274 “Think Green” SfN brochure.
275 Interview with Melissa Garcia, January 24, 2019.
276 Interview with Carol Barnes, November 5, 2018.
277 “ The Cajal Mural” SfN brochure; “SfN Celebrates Opening of its New Headquarters Building in Washington,”NQ Summer 2006:1,15; “Cajal Mural Dedicated Inside Society’s New Office Space,” NQ Summer 2006: 4,12.

Chapter VII: The Annual Meeting, the “Hub” of SfN, Enters the Digital Age

278 Interview with Gordon Shepherd, November 3, 2018.
279 “ Christopher Reeve Among Annual Meeting Speakers”NN 31 (July/August 2000): 1
280 Interview with Dennis Choi, November 5, 2018.
281 “ Neuroscience: Making a Difference Every Day,” Neuroscience Newsletter January-February
2002: 1, 12.
282 “ Neuroscience 2004 Promises Exciting Science and Improved Services; Minisymposia Are Added.” Neuroscience Quarterly Fall 2004: 12.
283 Interview with Eve Marder, November 3, 2018.
284 “ Society for Neuroscience Reorganizes Structure of Central Office,”NN 33 (4) July/August 2002: 8.
285 Working Groups will Implement Goals of Strategic Plan,”Neuroscience Quarterly Winter 2003: 12.
286 Interview with Robert Malenka, November 6, 2018.
287 Interview with Michael Goldberg, November 6, 2018; “Michael E. Goldberg,” in Thomas D. Albright and Larry R. Squire, History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, vol. 10, 2018: 304–351.
288 “ Abstracts Volume goes Electronic Only”NN 33 (January/February 2002): 2
289 “ New in 2009: Nanosymposia, Networking, Public Outreach,” Neuroscience Quarterly Summer 2009: 12;
290 “ SfN Adjusts Themes and Topics for Future Annual Meetings,”NQ Fall 2015
291 “SfN Adjusts Themes and Topics,”
292 “SfN Adjusts Themes and Topics”
293 Interview with Liqun Luo, November 6, 2018.
294 Interview with Liqun Luo, November 6, 2018.
295 “ Annual Meeting Survey Uncovers New Opportunities,”Neuroscience Quarterly Fall 2012: 3.
296 “ Annual Meeting Preview: Optimize Your Time at Neuroscience 2014,”Neuroscience Quarterly Fall 2014: 1, 10–11.
297 Interview with Christophe Bernard, November 6, 2018.
298 Interview with Paula Kara, January 10, 2019.
299 Interview with Nick Spitzer, November 5, 2018; Interview with Huda Akil, November 7, 2018.
300 Interview with Marina Picciotto, November 4, 2018.
301 “ Fall Council Roundup,”Neuroscience Quarterly Winter 2013: 3.
302 Interview with Lisa Monteggia, November 6, 2018; Interview with Larry Swanson, December 13, 2018.
303 “ Spring Council Roundup,” Neuroscience Quarterly Summer 2018.
304 “ Fall Council Roundup,” and “Changes to SfN Ethics Policy and Code of Conduct Aim to Support Scientific Dialogue and Foster Welcoming
Community,” Neuroscience Quarterly Winter 2019.

Chapter VIII: Many Audiences: Publications and Education

305 Interview with Joseph Coyle, November 5, 2018.
306 Interview with Gordon Shepherd, November 3, 2018.
307 Interview with Larry Squire, November 6, 2018.
308 Interview with Carla Shatz, November 5, 2018.
309 Solomon Snyder, “What Makes for Prestigious Publishing?”NN 27 (November/December 1996): 6, 11.
310 “ Trial Period of Online Journal Comes to an End Access Becomes Exclusive Privilege of SFN Members”NN 28 (January/February 1997): 3;
“The Journal of Neuroscience Online Boasts New Features”NN 28 (September/October 1997):8
311 “ New Online Only Section of Journal Will Provide Fast-Track Venue for Short Articles”NN 29 (July/August 1998): 1, 6.
312 “ Free Color for Members”NN 33 (March/April 2002): 8; “Changes at The Journal of Neuroscience”NQ Winter 2004: 17.
313 “ The Journal Increases Access to Articles; Raises Fees for Submission, Publishing”NQ Winter 2006: 1.
314 “ Results of Member Survey Indicate Comfort With Open Access, Online Publishing; 92 Percent Read Electronically”NQ Fall 2006: 10.
315 “ Q&A: John Maunsell, Editor-In-Chief, The Journal of Neuroscience”NQ, Fall 2008: 1, 6.
316 “Q&A: Maunsell,” p. 6.
317 “ The Journal Implements License to Publish” NQ Winter 2010: 15.
318 Peggy Mason, “New Committee Addresses Rise in Ethics Complaints”NQ Summer 2013: 5, 10.
319 Peggy Mason, “SfN Ethics Committee: The Role of Intent”NQ Winter 2014: 1, 11, p. 11.
320 Mason, “Ethics Complaints” p.10
321 Mason, “Intent” p. 11.
322 Minutes, Spring 2017 Council Meeting, p. 16.
323 “ Q&A: Editor-in-Chief Shares Vision for The Journal of Neuroscience.”NQ Spring 2015
324 Interview with Marina Picciotto, November 4, 2018.
325 “ SfN Journals Grow to Advance the Field,”NQ Winter 2017
326 Christophe Bernard, “eNeuro, SfN’s New Open-Access Journal: Excellence and Innovation”NQ Summer 2014: 10–11.
327 Christophe Bernard, “Q&A: eNeuro: An Innovative, Open-Access Publishing Venue for Excellent Science.”NQ Fall 2014: 4–5.
328 Interview with Christophe Bernard, November 6, 2018.
329 “eNeuro Starts Strong”NQ Winter 2016
330 “ eNeuro Promotes Scientific Rigor with Commentary Series”NQ Summer 2016
331 “ SfN Journals Lift the Curtain on Peer Review” NQ Winter 2018.
332 “ SfN Journals Training the Next Generation of Reviewers”NQ Winter 2019.
333 Interview with Marina Picciotto, November 4, 2018.
334 “Journals Lift the Curtain”
335 “SfN Journals: Scientist-Run, Society-Owned” NQ Summer 2019.
336 Interview with Huda Akil, November 7, 2018; Huda Akil, “Message from the President: Neuroscience Databases: What We Have, What We Need, How We Might Get There.”NQ Fall 2003: 1–4, 19.
337 “ New Neuroscience Database Gateway Underway” NQ Spring 2004: 7.
338 “ BrainFacts.org Launches as an Authoritative Source for Public Outreach”NQ Summer 2012: 1, 8–9.
339 “ SfN Awarded $1.3 Million to Create BrainFacts.org” NQ Spring 2011: 1, 12.
340 “ BrainFacts.org Editorial Board Members Named” NQ Winter 2012: 11.
341 Interview with Nick Spitzer, November 5, 2018.
342 “BrainFacts.org Launches” p. 9.
343 Interview with Nick Spitzer, November 5, 2018.
344 Interview with John Morrison, November 5, 2018.
345 Interview with John Morrison, November 5, 2018.
346 “ Q&A: BrainFacts.org Editor Discusses Public Outreach Efforts”NQ Fall 2015.
347 “ Q&A with BrainFacts.org Incoming Editor-In-Chief Richard Wingate” NQ Winter 2019.
348 “ Q&A: BrainFacts.org Editor Highlights Revamped Website”NQ Winter 2018.
349 Interview with Eric Chudler, November 4, 2018.
350 https://thebrainbee.org/about/#history; See also interview with Norbert Myslinski, November 2013.
351 “ Educating and Engaging the Public,” in Investing in Global Connections for Scientific Progress: FY 2018 Annual Report; and materials on
the IBB website https://thebrainbee.org/about/#history, https://thebrainbee.org/news/#launch-of-ibb-organization
352 First prize winner Piotr Oleksy, 18, from Poland; second prize winner Giovanni De Gannes, 14, Grenada; and third-prize winner Huai-Ying Huang, 17, Canada.
353 Interview with Eric Chudler, November 4, 2018.
354 “ Brain Awareness Week Meeting”; “Brain Awareness Week”NN May/June 2002 p. 7
355 “ Educating and Engaging the Public,” in Investing in Global Scientific Venues: FY 2015 Annual Report p. 12.
356 “ SfN Education Summit Advances Collaboration Between Educators and Scientists,” Neuroscience Quarterly, Fall 2009, page 8.
357 Interview with Thomas Carew, November 3, 2018.
358 “ Record Attendance at Neuroscience 2005 in Washington, D.C.” Neuroscience Quarterly Winter 2006: 5.
359 Interview with Paula Kara, January 10, 2019.
360 Interview with Carol Barnes, November 5, 2018.
361 Interview with Eve Marder, November 3, 2018; Interview with Michael Goldberg, November 6, 2018; Interview with William Martin, November 5, 2018.
362 Interview with Thomas Carew, November 3, 2018.

Chapter IX: Government and Public Advocacy: Not “Just a One-Day Affair”

363 Interview with Nick Spitzer, November 5, 2018.
364 Interview with Nick Spitzer, November 5, 2018.
365 “ NSF Launches First Neuroscience Program”NN 32 (Sept–Oct 2001): 14; “Government Affairs Update” NN 33 (May-June 2002): 10.
366 Interview with John Morrison, November 5, 2018.
367 “ White House Conference Melds Neuroscience and Public Policy”NN 28 (July–Aug 1997): 1–2.
368 “ Society Brings Together Advocacy Groups and Members at Annual Meeting”NN 28 (Jan–Feb 1997): 5.
369 Interview with Joseph Coyle, November 5, 2018.
370 “ Society Event ‘Neuroscience 2000’ Captures Attention of Policymakers, Public and Press; Helps Forge New Alliances.”Neuroscience Newsletter 30 (May/June 1999): 1, 3, 28.
371 “ Government Affairs Update.”NN 33 (May–June 2002): 11.
372 “ Experts Focus on Science Advocacy at Neuroscience 2002.”NQ Winter 2003: 1–3.
373 “ American Brain Coalition Launches in San Francisco” NQ Summer 2004: 1. The ABC was originally founded by the American Academy of
Neurology as the One Voice Neurological Coalition in 2001.
374 “ Latest Animal Rights Strategy: Animals as Persons,”NQ Spring 2003: 1–2.
375 “ New Crisis Management Guidelines Will Help Members Deal with Animal Rights Activists.” NQ Summer 2003: 13.
376 Interview with John Morrison, November 5, 2018.
377 “ SfN Identifies Translational Animal Research Accomplishments,” NQ Fall 2003: 11.
378 “SfN Releases Translational Neuroscience Accomplishments in Wallet Card Form.” NQ Summer 2004: 9; Interview with John Morrison,
November 5, 2018.
379 “ Forum Addresses the Use of Simple, Positive Message to Teachers About Animals in Research,” NQ Summer 2005: 5.
380 “ SfN Charts New Approaches to Combat Attacks by Animal Rights Activists,”NQ Winter 2007: 1, 5–6.
381 “ New SfN Document to Help Universities Protect Researchers,”NQ Spring 2008: 1, 12, p.1.
382 “New Approaches,” p. 6
383 “New Approaches,” p. 5
384 “New SfN Document”
385 “ SfN Partners with Research Organizations to Provide FOIA Guidance,”NQ Spring 2010: 1, 13.
386 “ Patient Groups Highlight Need For Animal Research,”NQ Spring 2014: 9.
387 “ SfN Illustrates Importance of Nonhuman Primate Research at NIH Workshop,”NQ Fall 2016.
388 “ SfN Supports Scientists Conducting Animal Research,”NQ Spring 2016.
389 “ 2005 Funding Levels for NIH, NSF, and VA Do Not Keep Pace With Biomedical Research Inflation,” Neuroscience Quarterly Winter 2005: 5.
390 “ Message from the President: ‘A Call to Arms’ for Federal Biomedical Research Funding,”NQ Winter 2004: 1–3.
391 “ President’s FY 2005 Budget Squeezes NIH, NSF, and VA,” “Talking Points for Advocating for Biomedical Research,” “Brain Research Success Stories Debut,”NQ Spring 2004: 1, 6–9, 12.
392 “ Expert on Stem Cells Outlines Implications of California’s Stem Cell Initiative,” “NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research Emphasizes Sharing of Resources and Expertise Across Institutes,” NQ Winter 2005: 4, 6.
393 “ An Interview with G. Steven Burrill of the Campaign for Medical Research,”NQ Fall 2007: 1, 5.
394 “ SfN Council Adopts New Strategic Plan to Renew Focus on Changing Needs, Ensuring to Serve Members Better,” NQ Spring 2006: 4.
395 “ SfN Supports New White Paper Calling for Sustained, Increased Federal Support for Biomedical Research,”NQ Summer 2007: 6.
396 “ Society Explores Changing Membership,” NQ Winter 2008: 4, 16.
397 “ Advocacy: Engaging Members and Industry,” NQ Fall 2008: 7.
398 Interview with Nick Spitzer, November 5, 2018.
399 “ SfN Members Advocate for Increased Science Research,” NQ Spring 2014: 8.
400 “ SfN Advocacy Supports Visionary Science Funding in U.S. Stimulus Bill,” NQ Spring 2009: 1, 6–7.
401 “ Council Roundup: Spring 2010 Meeting,” NQ Summer 2010: 5; “Council Roundup: Spring 2011 Meeting,” NQ Summer 2011: 13.
402 “ Engaging Legislators in the Lab” NQ Summer 2010: 8.
403 “Advocacy Update,”NQ Summer 2011: 9.
404 “ Lawmakers Support Neuroscience on Capitol Hill,” NQ Winter 2016.
405 “ Q&A: Exploring the White House Neuroscience Initiative,” NQ Fall 2012: 4–5.
406 Story C. Landis and Thomas R. Insel, “The NIH BRAIN Initiative,” NQ Summer 2013: 1, 13.
407 “ About the Brain Initiative,” https://Kavlifoundation.org/about-brain-initiative.
408 “ Message from the President: The Promise of BRAIN,” NQ Summer 2015.
409 Ibid.
410 “ Message from the President: Becoming a Science Advocate,” NQ Winter 2015: 1–2.
411 “ Message from SfN President Hollis Cline: Basic Science in the Pipeline,” NQ Winter 2016.
412 “ Get Inspired to Advocate by SfN’s Early Career Policy Ambassadors,” NQ Fall 2016.
413 “ Policy and Advocacy Careers: Making Change at a Large Scale,” NQ Fall 2015.
414 Interview with Ramesh Raghupathi, November 4, 2018.
415 “ Message from President Eric Nestler: Strengthen Your Focus on Advocacy,” NQ Winter 2017. For more on global advocacy, see Section 7.
416 “ SfN Expands Advocacy Efforts to Amplify Need for Funding,” NQ Spring 2017; https://www.sfn.org/marchforscience
417 “ Policy Makers Connect with Researchers at Neuroscience 2017,” NQ Winter 2018.
418 “Spring Council Roundup,” NQ Summer 2019.

Chapter X: Meeting the Needs of an Increasingly Diverse Scientific Community

419 Interview with William Martin, November 5, 2018.
420 “ SfN Council Adopts New Strategic Plan to Renew Focus on Changing Needs, Ensuring to Serve Members Better,” NQ Spring 2006:4; “SfN Council Approves Committee Realignment, Adds Clusters,” NQ Spring 2006:5.
421 Interview with Eric Nestler, November 3, 2018.
422 Until 2009 ANDP was a separate but related organization with its own leadership structure and legal charter.
423 Executive Summary of Report of Neuroscience Departments & Programs Survey Academic Year 2016–2017, p. 3 http://www.sfn.org/Careers/Higher-Education-and-Training/Neuroscience-Training-Program-Survey
424 Lesly Huffman, Robert E. Fellows, and Ronald I. Schoenfeld, “The1998 ANDP Survey of Neuroscience Graduate, Postdoctoral, and
Undergraduate Programs” p. 10 http://www.sfn.org/Careers/Higher-Education-and-Training/Neuroscience-Training-Program-Survey
425 National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2019. Special Report NSF 19–304. Alexandria, VA. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd.
426 Francis S. Collins, “Time to End the Manel Tradition,” June 12, 2019 https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/
time-end-manel-tradition; “New Diversity Guidelines for Meetings and Conferences” NQ May/June 2002: 15; Interview with Moses Chao, December 19, 2018.
427 Virginia Valian, “Invite Women to Talk,”Nature 495 (March 7, 2013): 36.
428 “ Council Acts on Education and Advocacy Initiatives, Diversity Guidelines and More at Neuroscience 2004,”NQ Winter 2005:
14–15; http://www.sfn.org/Meetings/Meeting-Policies-and-Guidelines/Guidelines-for-Participating-in-SfN-Events
429 Interview with Eve Marder, November 3, 2018.
430 “ New Committee Promotes Women in Neuroscience,” NQ Spring 2005: 12.
431 Council Minutes August 5 2004, p. 5–6.
432 “ SfN Professional Development and Higher Education: Evolving to Meet Changing Member Needs,” NQ Summer 2009:1,10–1
433 Moses Chao, “Gender Inequality: Biases and Challenges,” NQ Summer 2012: 2–3, p. 2
434 “ SfN Promotes Equity and Diversity in Academia” NQ Summer 2010: 12–13.
435 Jennifer Raymond, “Most of Us Are Biased,”Nature
495 (March 7, 2013): 33–34.
436 Chao, “Gender Inequality: Biases and Challenges,” p. 2–3.
437 “ IWiN Working to Advance Women in Neuroscience,” NQ Summer 2013: 11; “SfN Creates Toolkit to Address Gender Gap in Science,” NQ Fall 2015.
438 Marian Joëls and Carol Mason, “A Tale of Two Sexes,” Neuron 82 (18 Jun 2014): 1196–1199.
439 The topic was first discussed in the Spring 2003 Council meeting but insurance issues prevented offering onsite childcare for several more years.
440 “Fall Council Roundup,”NQ Winter 2019.
441 Carol Mason, “Message from the President: Women in Neuroscience: A Call to Action” NQ Spring 2014: 1–2
442 Interview with Joseph Coyle, November 5, 2019.
443 “ 1997 Minority Conference Fellows Usher in Expanded Program”NN 29 (January/February 1998): 17.
444 “Society Offers New Training Fellowship for Minority Neuroscientists,”NN 31 (July/August 2000): 13; “Society Maintains Long-Standing Commitment to Advancing Minority Representation,” NN 32 (September/October 2001): 11.
445 SfN Council Minutes November 12, 2005; SfN Strategic Planning Meeting Minutes July 27–28, 2005; “SfN Council Approves Committee Realignment, Adds Clusters” NQ Spring 2006: 5. As described in the section on Women in Neuroscience, in 2009 C-WIN and C-DIN became subcommittees (WINS and DINS) of the Professional Development Committee in the Professional Development and Training Cluster.
446 “ 30 Years of Advancing Diversity in Science” http://www.sfn.org/Initiatives/Diversity-Programs/Neuroscience-Scholars-Program; “Neuroscience Scholars Program Broadens Reach” NQ Summer 2015
447 “Message from SfN President Eric Nestler: ‘Affirmative Attention’ to Increase Diversity” NQ Spring 2017; “SfN, NIH Experts Discuss How Diversity Advances the Field,”NQ Summer 2017.
448 “ Neuroscience Scholars Program Broadens Reach” NQ Summer 2015; “Presidential Award Recognizes Value of Neuroscience Scholars Program” NQ Fall 2018.
449 Interview with Ramesh Raghupathi, November 4, 2018.
450 Ramirez and Normansell, “A Decade of FUN”; Jean C. Hardwick, Michael Kerschner, Barbara Lom, Julio J. Ramirez, and Eric P. Wiertelak, “From Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience: Encouraging Innovation in Undergraduate Neuroscience Education by Supporting Student Research and Faculty Development,”CBE — Life Sciences Education 5 (Summer 2006): 86–90.
451 “ Society Membership Growth Invigorated by New Measures” NQ Summer 2003: 9.
452 Stricker, Edward M. “2009 Survey of Neuroscience Graduate, Postdoctoral, & Undergraduate Programs.” In 2009 Survey Report FINAL.pdf. The 2009 merger with SfN came at the ANDP’s request and was a key component to implementing the Council’s adoption of a new Higher Education Strategy in the Strategic Plan. By 2019, CNDP had become the Neuroscience Departments and Programs Subcommittee under the Neuroscience Training Committee, part of the Higher Education and Training Cluster. See “SfN Professional Development and Higher Education: Evolving to Meet Changing Member Needs,” NQ Summer 2009: 1, 10–11 for the details of the initial transition into the SfN committee structure.
453 “ Council Round-Up: Fall 2009 Meeting,” NQ Winter 2010:4; http://www.sfn.org/Membership/Member-Benefits/Institutional-Program-Member-Benefits
454 “ New! Graduate School Fair” NQ Winter 2013: 11; http://www.sfn.org/Careers/Higher-Education-and-Training/Grad-School-Fair
455 “ SfN’s Online Presence: Building Value, Making Connections,” NQ Spring 2011: 1, 8–9.
456 “ Organizational and Financial Highlights” FY 2013 Annual Report, Creating Value in Challenging Times, p. 19; “Q&A: Spotlight on Donors and the Friends of SfN Fund,” NQ Fall 2017.
457 Summer 2012 Council Minutes, p. 4; “Council Roundup: Spring 2013 Meeting” NQ Summer 2013: 4.
458 Interview with Cara Altimus, November 7, 2018.
459 “ Exploring the Changing Needs of SfN Members,” NQ Fall 2016.
460 “ SfN Journals: Training the Next Generation of Reviewers” NQ Winter 2019.
461 Chao, “Gender Inequality: Biases and Challenges,” p. 3.
462 “ Spring Council Roundup: Sustaining Global Partnerships” NQ Summer 2019. See also http://www.alba.network/activities.

Chapter XI: Nurturing a Global Society

463 Eve Marder, “Message from the President: Seeking Synergy Between Local and Global Scientific Cultures,”NQ Winter 2008: 1–3, p. 3.
464 See “BAW 1999: An International Campaign,” NN 30 (May/June 1999): 6, for example.
465 “ BrainFacts.org Celebrates Its First Anniversary,” NQ Summer 2013: 12; “Educating and Engaging The Public,”Creating Value in Challenging Times: FY2013 Annual Report, p. 13; “Educating and Engaging the Public,” investing in Global Connections for Scientific Progress FY2018 Annual Report.
466 https://thebrainbee.org/about/#history
467 “ New Diplomatic Efforts Support a Growing International Membership” NQ Fall 2010: 1, 8
468 “ A Global Perspective: SfN Surveys Non-U.S. Members,” NQ Spring 2011:10–11, p.10; international membership peaked at 38% in 2010. More recent figures courtesy of SfN Operations.
469 Interview with Steve Hyman, November 4, 2018.
470 “ Joint Committee to Represent SFN and National Academy on International Affairs,” NN 31 (July/August 2000):1, 17; “International Affairs
Committee Launches Equipment Exchange and other Initiatives,” NN 32 (September/October 2001):23.
471 SfN Fall Council Minutes, November 17, 2010, p. 7.
472 “ Message from the President: International Collaborations Can Strengthen Neuroscience,” NQ Winter 2005:1–3; “New Strategic Plan,” p.
4; “Council Roundup Summer Meeting” NQ Fall 2014:1, 9.
473 “ Society Membership Growth Invigorated by New Measures” NQ Summer 2003:9.
474 Interview with Carol Barnes, November 5, 2018.
475 “Fall 2008 Council Roundup,” NQ Winter 2009:3; “A Global Perspective: SfN Surveys Non-US Members,” NQ Spring 2011: 10–11; “Council
Roundup: Spring 2014 Meeting,” NQ Summer 2014:13.
476 “Society Explores Changing Membership” NQ Winter 2008: 4.
477 “Council Roundup,” NQ Fall 2010: 1, 14–15.
478 “A Global Perspective: SfN Surveys Non-US Members,” NQ Spring 2011:10–11; “Exploring the Changing Needs of SfN Members” NQ Fall 2016.
479 “ A Global Perspective: SfN Surveys Non-US Members,” NQ Spring 2011:10–11
480 “ Council Roundup”NQ Summer 2012: 12; “Council Roundup: Summer 2014 Meeting,” NQ Fall 2014:1, 9.
481 Interview with Brian MacVicar, November 5, 2018; “Message from the President: Seeking Synergy Between Local and Global Scientific Cultures,” NQ Winter 2008:1–3; “Message from the President: Serving Members Worldwide, Forging Global Partnerships,” NQ Fall 2011:1–2, “Message from the President: The Importance of Global Advocacy and Communication to Ensure the Long-Term Strength of Neuroscience,” NQ Spring 2013:2–3; “European Advocacy Grants Program Announces First Recipients,” NQ Winter 2012:1,8; “Global Collaboration Bolsters Support for Research,” NQ Summer 2017.
482 “Message from the President: International Collaborations,” p. 3.
483 Interview with Brian MacVicar, November 5, 2018.
484 “ Q&A: Brain Canada and Canadian Neuroscience Funding,” NQ Spring 2016.
485 “ Advocacy Investment Achieves Billions for Canadian Research and Development,” NQ Summer 2018.
486 “European Advocacy Grants,” p. 8.
487 “ FENS and SfN Announce 2013 Advocacy Grant Recipients,” NQ Winter 2013:1, 9, p. 9.
488 “ Message from the President: Becoming a Science Advocate,” p.2.
489 Interview with Pierre Magistretti, November 6, 2018.
490 Susan Amara, “Serving Members Worldwide, Forging Global Partnerships,” NQ Fall 2011:1–2; “SfN’s Global Collaboration on Responsible Scientific Communication,”NQ Fall 2011: 8, 14–15.
491 Interview with Brian MacVicar, November 5, 2018; Interview with Magda Giordano, November 7, 2018; Interview with Pierre Magistretti, November 6, 2018.
492 “ First Class Completes Miledi Training Course,” NQ Spring 2005:13; http://www.sfn.org/Initiatives/Diversity-Programs/Latin-American-
Training-Program
493 “ New International Partnership Expands European Training Program” NQ Fall 2009:6; “International Exchange Program Benefits Japanese, North American Trainees” NQ Winter 2014:12.
494 Interview with Reha Erzurumulu, November 4, 2018.
495 “Council Roundup: Summer 2014 Meeting” “Summer Council Roundup” NQ Fall 2015.
496 Interview with Eric Nestler, November 3, 2018.
497 “ Neuroscience 2019: A Melting Pot for New Scientific Discoveries” NQ Spring 2019 and http://www.sfn.org/Meetings/Neuroscience-2019/
Abstracts/Science-Knows-No-Borders
498 “ Multisociety Letter on Foreign Influence” September 4, 2019, https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/Multisociety%20Letter%20
on%20Foreign%20Influence_9-4-2019.pdf

Chapter XII: SfN at 50 Years: Focus on the Future

499 Interview with Eric Nestler, November 3, 2018.
500 Interview with Nick Spitzer November 5, 2018.
501 Interview with Fred Gage December 20, 2018.
502 Interview with Marty Saggese, September 18, 2019.
503 Interview with Lisa Monteggia November 6, 2018.
504 Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H.; Jessell, Thomas M.; Siegelbaum, Steven A.; Hudspeth, A.J. (2012–10–05). Principles of Neural Science,
Fifth Edition (ebook) (Principles of Neural Science (Kandel)) (Kindle Locations 1672–1674). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
505 Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Working Group. Advisory Committee to the NIH Director interim report. http://www.braininitiative.nih.gov/09162013-Interim%20Report_Final%20Composite.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2014.
506 Interview with Brian MacVicar November 5, 2018. Reha Erzumulu made a similar point in his November 4, 2018 interview as well.
507 Interview with Huda Akil November 6, 2018.
508 Interview with William Martin, November 5, 2018.
509 Interview with Karl Herrup, December 17, 2018; Interview with Gordon Shepherd November 3,
2018; Interview with Steven Hyman November 4, 2018.
510 Interview with Steven Hyman, November 4, 2018.
511 James McNamara, John Morrison, Larry Swanson, Melissa Garcia, and Cori Spencer all touched on this topic in their November 2018 and January 2019 interviews.
512 Interview with Elisabeth Von Bockstaele, November 7, 2018.
513 Interview with Ramesh Raghupathi, November 4, 2018.
514 Alexxai Kravitz, Carol Barnes, Irwin Levitan, Eric Chudler, Michael Goldberg, and Ramesh Raghupathi all expressed concern about this issue
in their November 2018 interviews.
515 Interview with John Morrison November 5, 2018; Interview with Eric Nestler, November 3, 2018.
516 Interview with Carla Shatz, November 5 2018.
517 Interview with Marina Picciotto, November 4, 2018.
518 The Science Knows No Borders Program enabled scientists who had been denied a US travel visa to attend the 2019 Annual Meeting to share their research and engage with colleagues through virtual poster, symposium, nanosymposium, and minisymposium sessions.
519 https://www.aaas.org/programs/r-d-budget-and-policy/historical-trends-federal-rd
520 Alberts, B, M W Kirschner, S Tilghman, and H Varmus. “Rescuing US Biomedical Research From Its Systemic Flaws.”Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 16 (2014): doi:10.1073/pnas.1404402111.
521 Interview with Dennis Choi, November 5, 2018.
522 Interview with Cara Altimus, November 7, 2018.
523 Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Working Group. Advisory Committee to the NIH Director interim report. http://www.braininitiative.nih.gov/09162013-Interim%20Report_Final%20Composite.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2014.
524 The members of the 50th Anniversary Working Group, in addition to Larry Swanson, included Tom Albright, Larry Squire, Lisa Monteggia
and Amy Bastian.
525 https://profiles.stanford.edu/fei-fei-li/.
526 https://www.sfn.org/about/50th-anniversary/artechouse-exhibit.
527 https://www.sfn.org/about/history-of-sfn/1969-2019.
528 https://neuronline.sfn.org/listen.
529 https://www.sfn.org/membership/chapters/2019-chapter-video-challenge. The challenge winners were the Michigan Chapter, Greater New York Chapter, and the Kiev Chapter.
530 Mountcastle, Vernon B. “Brain Science at the Century’s Ebb.” Daedalus 127 (Spring, 1998), p. 1.
531 https://www.themorrisonlab.org/news.

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